Primary stress is found in words or compounds of three, six and five syllables. In the following data where primary stress appears it will be shown as an "acute accent". In addition, "when a pronoun is suffixed by, for instance a postposition, the pronoun does take primary – and initial – stress." An example is nʉ-pia 'my mother' (my-mother). Primary stress: Primary stress is "marked when it is non-initial stress".Secondary stress is placed on the second syllable of a two-syllable word, the third syllable of a word with three, four, or five syllables, and the fourth syllable of a word with six syllables. Additionally, possessive pronouns, which serve as proclitics, do not affect the stress of a word (so that nʉ + námi 'my sister' retains its stress on the /a/ in námi). Exceptions to this rule, such as in the words Waʔsáasiʔ ' Osage people', and aná 'ouch!', are marked with an acute accent.įor the purpose of stress placement, the diphthongs /ai/, /oi/, and /ui/ act as one vowel with one mora. As with the vowel charts, the basic symbols given in this chart are in the IPA, whereas the equivalent symbols in the conventional orthography are given to the right of them.Ĭomanche stress most commonly falls on the first syllable. In the conventional orthography, these vowels are marked with an underline: ⟨a̱, e̱, i̱, o̱, u̱, ʉ̱⟩.Ĭomanche has a typical Numic consonant inventory. voiceless vowels are non-phonemic and therefore not represented in this chart. Unstressed short vowels are usually devoiced when /s/ or /h/ follows and optionally when word-final. Short vowels can be either voiced or voiceless. Short vowels can be lengthened when they are stressed. An example of a long vowel is the (ee) in 'turtle'. Long vowels are never devoiced and in the orthography they are represented as (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ʉʉ). In the following chart, the basic symbols given are in the IPA, whereas the equivalent symbols in the conventional orthography are given to the right of them. Historically, there was a certain amount of free variation between and (as shown by comparison with Shoshoni cognates), but the variation is no longer so common and most morphemes have become fixed on either /ai/ or /e/. In addition, there is the common diphthong /ai/. Phonology Vowels Ĭomanche has a typical Numic vowel inventory of six vowels. Īs of 2022, there were fewer than nine fluent native speakers of Comanche, many of the old speakers having succumbed to old age, health problems or the COVID-19 pandemic. The college previously conducted a language recording project, as the language is "mostly oral", and emphasizing instruction for tribal members. Comanche language courses were available at the now-closed Comanche Nation College. The Comanche Language and Cultural Preservation Committee offers dictionaries and language learning materials. Army to send messages conveying sensitive information in the Comanche language so that it could not be deciphered by the enemy.Īs of July 2013, there were roughly 25-30 native speakers of the language, according to The Boston Globe. A group of seventeen young men referred to as the Comanche Code Talkers were trained, and used by the U.S. The Comanche language was briefly prominent during World War II. The second generation then grew up speaking English, because of the belief that it was better for them not to know Comanche. In the late 19th century, Comanche children were placed in boarding schools where they were discouraged from speaking their native language, and even severely punished for doing so. Use and revitalization efforts Īlthough efforts are now being made to ensure its survival, most speakers of the language are elderly. Their own name for the language is nʉmʉ tekwap ʉ which means l'language of the people'. The name Comanche comes from the Ute word kɨmantsi 'enemy, stranger'. The Comanche language and the Shoshoni language are therefore quite similar, but certain consonant changes in Comanche have inhibited mutual intelligibility. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.Ĭomanche ( English: / k ə ˈ m æ n tʃ i/, endonym Nʉmʉ Tekwapʉ̲) is a Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Comanche people, who split from the Shoshone people soon after the Comanche had acquired horses around 1705. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Comanche is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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